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LEXICON OF PARTS FOR LICENCE-FREE CARS

• Air filter a system for removing unwanted particles from an air stream, replaced approximately every 10,000km.
• Oil filter oil filter: Filter cartridge located in the engine to purify the oil. This element makes a major contribution to the life of your vehicle, so it's important to check and replace it regularly (about every 5,000km).
• Diesel filter its role is to protect the fuel system by eliminating impurities in the diesel fuel, which can come from a variety of sources (change every 5000km or so)
  

• Brake pads small plates on either side of the discs used to brake the car. (to be changed according to wear)
  
• Brake discs brake discs: Disc-shaped braking system used to slow and stop the vehicle. (change according to wear)
  
• Brake shoes brake shoes are arranged in pairs inside the brake drum. Shoe design is relatively simple. It consists of an oval steel shoe, adapted to the inside diameter of the drum, onto which a brake lining is riveted or plated. The two shoes are mounted in such a way as to be spread apart by the action of the master cylinders, and thus pressed against the rotating drum. (to be changed according to wear)
• Drums a drum brake is a braking system containing a mechanism with at least two circular shoes fitted with linings. Under the action of cams or pistons, the shoe linings rub against the inside of the drum.
• Wheel cylinders : Similar to calipers for disc brakes, for drum brake systems, wheel cylinders spread the shoes, which then rub against the drums attached to the wheels, causing the vehicle to slow down.
• Brake caliper attached to the chassis, calipers support the braking system. The brake pad is attached to the caliper, and hydraulic pressure presses it against the brake disc to apply the brakes.
• Master cylinder the main function of the master cylinder is to send brake fluid under pressure to the entire braking system, right up to the wheels.
• Brake fuse brake fuse: A brake fuse is a flexible, reinforced hose which sends brake fluid at high pressure to the calipers or wheel cylinders if your car is fitted with drum brakes (change if cut or cracked)

• Hood : The hood is a part of the front bodywork. It covers and protects the engine when it is at the front.
• Bumper: An integral part of the bodywork used to absorb front and rear impacts and protects pedestrians in the event of an accident.
• Fender: A part of the bodywork that connects the hood, bumper and door.
• Under-engine guard: The under-engine guard is a protective accessory for the powertrain, i.e. the engine, gearbox and clutch. Although superficial at first glance, its usefulness should not be underestimated.
• Bumper support: Metal bar supporting the headlights and bumper.
• Rear-view mirror: A device with an adjustable mirror found on all motorized vehicles today. This device enables the driver to observe the environment behind or to the side of the vehicle that cannot be seen when driving normally.
• Deflectors: Small flaps attached to the glass frame of car front doors, used to direct a current of air.
• Neiman: The neiman is the part where you insert your key before turning it and hearing your engine purr.

• Radiator: Radiators are heat exchangers used to cool internal combustion engines.
• Radiator heater: A part used to heat the interior of your car.

• Gearbox/motor variator and belt: Two pulleys with variable groove spacings. Depending on the spacing of the pulley walls, the belt penetrates more or less closely to the center, thus changing the gear ratio.
• Gearbox/shift axle: Used to shift from neutral to forward or reverse. The gearbox is coupled to the engine, allowing the car to move without a license. It consists of several shafts, pinions, bearings and spy seals.
• Cardan joint: Mechanical joint on a car that transmits rotational movement to the front wheels when they are in drive.
• Cardan shaft bellows: A rubber bellows protects the cardan shaft from dust and ensures proper lubrication of moving parts thanks to the transmission grease or oil contained in the bellows.

• Glow plug: Glow plugs help diesel engines to start more easily by heating them in advance.
• Alternator: An alternator is an electromechanical device that converts mechanical energy into alternating electrical energy.
• Starter: A starter is a small electric motor used simply to start the engine.
• Battery: A self-contained device that generates electric current.

• Shock absorbers: They slow down the rebound effects of the suspension and guarantee good roadholding, which is why changing defective shock absorbers protects your safety and that of others.
• Cradle: The cradle is a metal support attached to the chassis. Its role is to assemble metal parts such as the fuel tank, engine, shock absorbers, etc.
• Hub: The hub is the central part of a discoidal rotating technical part (wheel, pulley, gear, flywheel), which may or may not transmit driving forces.
• Steering ball joint: The steering ball joint is an essential component for wheel operation. It connects the wheel to the end of each rack and pinion and enables the wheels to turn.
• Suspension ball joints: Suspension ball joints are the elements that connect the suspension arms to the pivot and wheel assemblies. They allow suspension movement and steering, with the pivot axis passing through the lower and upper ball joints.
• Steering knuckle: Steering knuckles are the mechanical parts of a vehicle's steering system. They are used to set the wheels in motion by taking up positions at the ends of the steering rack.
• Bearing: A bearing is a device designed to guide an assembly in rotation, i.e. to allow one part to rotate relative to another along a defined axis of rotation.
• Suspension triangle: The suspension triangle is the component that connects the wheel hub to the chassis of a vehicle.
• Steering rack : Its function is to transmit the movement imparted by the driver via the steering wheel and steering column to the front wheels of a motor vehicle.
• Steering flector: The flector is used to dampen jolts between the steering gear (also rack and pinion) and the steering column.
• Rear axle: Or rear axle is a part supporting two wheels at its ends.

• Headlight: Projector lights used to illuminate the road a vehicle is traveling on at night.
• Tail lights: They all emit a red light, located at the rear, so they signal the vehicle's presence at night.
• Turn signal : Flashing lights enable the driver to warn other road users that he or she wishes to swerve or turn to the right or left. They are an extremely important signaling tool.
• Fog lamps: Independent of high and low beams, they emit a highly dispersed light, providing better illumination in low-visibility situations.

• Muffler: A muffler is one of the components of a vehicle powered by an internal combustion engine, used to exhaust combustion gases to the outside of the vehicle. It is made up of a set of components that collect the exhaust gases leaving the cylinders and evacuate them after channelling the combustion gases, stabilizing the cylinder outlet pressure and attenuating the exhaust noise.
• Exhaust braid : Elastic connection between the fixed and moving parts of the exhaust.

• Exhaust manifold : The manifold is made up of metal tubes. Its role is to guide exhaust gases, i.e. those leaving an engine after combustion of the fuel-air mixture.
• Exhaust silencer : A small mechanical part, generally made of rubber, which absorbs shocks, vibrations and noise by holding the various vehicle components together.

• Alternator belt: The alternator belt is used to supply power from the engine to the alternator.
• Engine/gearbox mount: Also known as an engine silent block, this is a piece of flexible material used to absorb shocks or vibrations between various mechanical parts and the structure supporting them.
• Timing belt + water pump: The main function of timing belts is to synchronize the movement of valves and pistons so that the engine runs smoothly. In some cases, they are also used to drive the water pump, a key component in engine cooling.
• Cylinder head: The cylinder head is the part that closes off and groups together certain functions of a reciprocating piston engine. It closes the top of the cylinders. On some engines, it houses the intake and exhaust valves. Its shape and characteristics are always closely linked to engine development, and are determined in particular by the type of valve train and the shape of the combustion chamber.

• Tailgate actuator: A tailgate actuator is fitted at each end of the tailgate. It takes the form of a pump which, by applying pressure, pulls the tailgate upwards when operated by the driver.
• Gas pedal cable: The gas pedal cable transmits power to the acceleration/deceleration mechanism.
• Handbrake cable: The handbrake cable activates the handbrake.
• Reverse gear cable: Cable used to switch from forward to reverse gear.

• Windshield: A windshield is a window at the front of a vehicle that protects passengers from wind and rain, while ensuring good visibility for the driver and passengers.

• Tire: A toroidal, flexible solid made of rubber and other textile and/or metallic materials. It is designed to be mounted on a wheel rim and inflated with a pressurized gas, usually air or nitrogen. It ensures the wheel's contact wheel with the ground, providing grip, shock absorption and vibration damping, thus facilitating the movement of land vehicles and other vehicles in land configuration.
• Wiper blade: A wiper blade is the rubber element that removes rain and dirt from a car window.